浅析民用建筑供配电系统设计要点

为保证电气设计的合理性及系统的安全运行,从电力负荷、供电电压的选择、高压、低压供配电系统、配电所等方面对民用建筑供配电系统的设计要点进行了阐述,为设计人员提供了参考依据。     

新型梁柱-板柱组合结构(住宅)体系的试验研究

新型梁柱———板柱组合结构(住宅)体系是指为适应现代住宅的大空间、灵活隔断的要求,住宅部分采用外为梁柱框架内为无柱帽的板柱结构,当有公建部分的多功能要求时,底部可采用梁柱框架结构的体系。对本体系探讨了设计理论和方法,进行了系列试验和工程试点。在此仅对系列试验进行综合分析,包括2个12层及1个9层模型振动台试验、4个有填充墙框架的抗震试验、10个设有抗冲切元件并受不平衡弯矩作用的大型板柱节点试验以及对试点工程的现场实测。试验表明,该体系建筑功能好,实为梁柱-板柱-剪力墙体系,可考虑填充墙的作用,抗震性能优良;板柱节点的设计可采用空间拉杆拱模型;板柱节点设置锚栓抗冲切元件时,锚栓均参与工作,可实现破坏面的外延,使板厚由受弯控制。     

传统中的现代解析--泉州南建筑博物馆设计纪实

要如何在传统地区进行现代建筑的设计，是人们关注已久的问题，汲取传统地区的地域文化、符号、材料、技术等元素，经过抽象与转化，体现于本地区现代建筑的传承手法，将会为地域文化在建筑中的全新现提供新的途径。结合实际工程泉州南建筑博物馆三轮方案的进程，重点阐述在地区特色强烈的泉州地区博物馆方案的设计思想以及在设计的过程中设计师与业主之间对如何表达泉州特色进行的种种来回的沟通与探讨，并最终希望通过此方案的设计过程表明该如何在设计方与业主之间取得最终的共识上的进一步的认识。     

自适应有限元不同网格间力学结果传递方法及程序实现

对于依赖于加载历史的自适应有限元分析问题,不同网格间力学结果的传递过程起着重要作用。基于按距离加权平均的改进插值方法,研究分步加载时自适应有限元不同网格间力学结果的继承问题。为使传递结果合理并减小计算工作量,插值方法采取选择邻近数据点、考虑方向影响、适当提高结果场的光滑性并使其通过全部已知数据点等措施;针对开挖过程中结构介质不断改变、开挖工作面不断移动及不同开挖步引入的介质之间场变量不连续等特点,采取分区划分网格并插值方式,构造不同网格间应力及位移结果的传递过程。所述传递过程,能为自适应有限元模拟多步骤开挖及弹塑性增量荷载分析等各种分步加载计算问题的解决提供有利条件。最后,给出2个算例以验证传递过程的可靠性。按增量荷载初应力方法对厚壁筒弹塑性分析表明,其结果与理论解吻合;模拟多步开挖的工程实例计算结果亦展示出所述传递方法的有效性。     

Atmospheric pollution for trace elements in the remote high-altitude atmosphere in central Asia as recorded in snow from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) of the Himalayas

A series of 42 snow samples covering over a one-year period from the fall of 2004 to the summer of 2005 were collected from a 2.1-m snow pit at a high-altitude site on the northeastern slope of Mt. Everest. These samples were analyzed for Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Cd, Sb, Pb, and Bi in order to characterize the relative contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources to the fallout of these elements in central Himalayas. Our data were also considered in the context of monsoon versus non-monsoon seasons. The mean concentrations of the majority of the elements were determined to be at the pg g(-1) level with a strong variation in concentration with snow depth. While the mean concentrations of most of the elements were significantly higher during the non-monsoon season than during the monsoon season, considerable variability in the trace element inputs to the snow was observed during both periods. Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, and Bi displayed high crustal enrichment factors (EF(c)) in most samples, while Cr, Ni, Rb, and Pb show high EF(c) values in some of the samples. Our data indicate that anthropogenic inputs are potentially important for these elements in the remote high-altitude atmosphere in the central Himalayas. The relationship between the EF(c) of each element and the Al concentration indicates that a dominant input of anthropogenic trace elements occurs during both the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons, when crustal contribution is relatively minor. Finally, a comparison of the trace element fallout fluxes calculated in our samples with those recently obtained at Mont Blanc, Greenland, and Antarctica provides direct evidence for a geographical gradient of the atmospheric pollution with trace elements on a global scale.     

大尺度线性遗产区域景观特征识别——以北京长城文化带为例

在国家文化公园建设背景下,国家对于大尺度线性遗产所在区域的保护工作日益重视,但对大尺度线性遗产所在的带状区域景观特征识别的研究尚属空白。以北京长城文化带为研究区域,基于景观特征评估(LCA)理论,借助地理信息系统(GIS)技术,围绕长城防御、屯垦和军情3个历史功能,构建由长城边墙、城堡和烽火台组成的文化遗产要素识别框架,探索大尺度线性遗产区域景观特征识别的技术路径和实现手段。在对自然景观要素和文化遗产要素进行分类、融合的基础上形成31种景观特征类型,针对不同的景观特征类型进行关键特征识别,深入研究自然景观与文化遗产的耦合关系及其形成机制,以期对中国的大尺度线性文化遗产区域总体评估和保护利用提供借鉴与参考。     

Influence of soil properties on trace element availability and plant accumulation in a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes: implications for phytomanagement

The aims of this study were to determine the factors which control metal and As phytoavailability in the different microenvironments (Sand Dunes, Salt Flat, Dry River and Shrubs) present at a Mediterranean salt marsh polluted by mining wastes. We performed a field study following a plot sampling survey. The analyses of soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon contents, etc.), total metal and As concentrations and their phytoavailability assessed with EDTA were related to each microenvironment and the corresponding plant species uptake. The averages of pH and EC were slightly alkaline (pH ≈ 7.5) and saline (≈ 2.2 to 17.1 dS m⁻¹) respectively. The soil samples from the Salt Flat subzone showed the highest metal concentrations (e.g. 51 mg kg⁻¹ Cd, 11,600 mg kg⁻¹ Pb) while for As, the highest concentrations occurred in the Dry River (380 mg kg⁻¹ As). The total metal and EDTA-extractable concentrations occurred as it follows: Salt Flat > Dry River > Degraded Dunes > Shrubs. In relation to plant metal and As accumulation, the highest root concentrations were obtained in the species from the Salt Flat subzone: ~ 17 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 620 mg kg⁻¹ Pb, for both, Juncus maritimus and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. However the highest metal and As shoot concentrations occurred in species from the Sand Dunes: ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As ~ 270 mg kg⁻¹ Pb for Dittrichia viscosa; ~ 23 mg kg⁻¹ As, ~ 390 mg kg⁻¹ Zn for Crucianella maritima. The occurrence of edaphic gradients including salinity and texture determined the vegetation distribution. However, it cannot be concluded that there was a disturbance due to metal(loid)s soil concentrations in terms of vegetation composition except in the Degraded Dunes and Dry River. The higher EDTA-extractable concentrations were coincidental with the most saline soils but this did not result in higher metal(loid)s plant accumulation.     

海洋平台地基的极限分析与安定性分析

应用以Melan静力型安定定理为基础的弹塑性有限元数值方法，对海洋平台地基进行了变值加载条件下的安定性分析，同时，为便于比较，进行了静力极限分析。通过对海洋平台地基在各种荷载分量共同作用下的安定性分析，得到了地基在不同荷载组合模式下的安定荷载包络图。由此根据海洋结构上外载的可能变化模式可以确定地基的最可能失稳形式，从而评价复杂变值荷载作用下地基的稳定性。     

裂隙岩体非恒定渗流场与弹性应力场动态全耦合分析

为更真实地反映在环境条件变化以及施工过程等因素作用下渗流场和变形场的行为规律，在裂隙岩体介质小变形的假定下，基于不可压缩水流在复杂应力状态作用下的裂隙岩体介质中运动的一般方程，建立两场动态全耦合的有限元数值模拟方法。在耦合分析中采用统一域混合模型模拟渗流场，对弹性变形场的模拟则采用多裂隙岩体介质和离散裂隙介质分别模拟的方法。对建立的耦合模型采用四自由度全耦合法结合有限元数值方法直接求解，对无压流中自由面的处理则采用固定网格法中的改进初流量法。最后针对水库裂隙岸坡算例，进行能模拟水库蓄水加载过程的静态、动态耦合有限元分析，揭示水库蓄水过程中裂隙岸坡位移场和渗流场的基本变化规律。分析结果表明，考虑蓄水过程中渗流的动态效应时，将会使水库岸坡产生较大的差异沉陷，从而对岸坡的稳定性产生不利影响，对于缓慢蓄水过程可以近似作为静态问题处理。     

Optimization of indoor climate conditioning with passive and active methods using GA and CFD

This study aims at the development of an optimal design tool using a genetic algorithm (GA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Random variables (fluctuating outdoor conditions), passive design elements (model variables) and active design elements (HVAC system) were set up to represent a realistic building environment. A combination of designs is determined based on the relationship between fluctuating outdoor conditions and the HVAC system in the optimal design search. Building environment designs should consider both active and passive design elements because the HVAC system keeps adjusting the supply air flow rate until the indoor climate reaches target conditions when outdoor conditions are changing.